Salad dressing and flavoring therefor



Patent ed Apr. 26, 1938 UNITED STATES 2,115,073 SALAD DRESSING sgg mvoamo DeanQIng'raham,

Contra Costa County. cum.

assignor to The Giidden Company, Cleveland, Ohio, a corporation 6| Ohio No Drawing. Application February 8, 1936,

4 Claim (cl. 99-440) This invention. relates to salad dressings of the type comprising emulsions of edible oil, and has particular reierence to a new and novel method of incorporating flavoring ingredients into mayonnaise and other similar salad dressing. It

relates further to a new type or flavoring ingredient and a method for preparing the same.

.Mayonnaise is essentially an emulsion 01' water a and salad oils,, with eggs, vinegar and other 10 flavoring ingredients such as sugar, salt, and

spices. The added flavoringingredients are generaliy added as solids, although sugar and salt .can oi! course be added in water solution. The spices, however, occur and are added as solid powders, as they are insoluble in water. while ry ingredients 01' any dressing, the use or these powdered spices is open to several serious objections.

In the first instance, the additions of powders to the emulsion. of oil and water has a tendency to break the emulsion, due probably'tothe fact that the dry spice absorbs water locally from the emulsion, disturbing the equilibrium at the oilwater interface. Although this is not a seriousproblem where strong spices are used in small quantities, it presents some difliculty where a mild spice like paprika is used, which must be added in substantial quantity to get the dsired added flavor.

' The second objection, like the flrst, is more,

serious with mild spices like paprika. This objec tion is based on the fact that the smoothpleasing texture or the unseasoned emulsion is broken up by particles of spice. with the result that the .35 saladdressing has much less eye appeal to prospective customers. i

A third objection is applicable only to highly colored spices such as paprika and red pe r and is due to the solubility of the color in the saladoil. This causes blotches of color to appear around the paprika particles, and this blotchy appearance grows succe'ssivelyworse as the mayonnaise grows older, the size 01' the blotches being actually a rough index of the age or'the mayonnaise. although the color can be readily dispersed, it is" obviously impossible to do this on the dealer's shelves; and the public is suspicious of such a. product. Furthermore,

so the spice color principles are often fugitive, and

the color may become even more blotchy due to uneven length 01. exposure to light.

Further, spices vary from time to time and from batch to batch in flavor, color and strength. This necessitates a'careiul check on each batch 5 of salad dressing to insure uniformity of taste and color.

The presence of micro-organisms on the spices, ordinarily presents real difllculties, as there are often presentbacteria which hasten the spoilage 10 01' the salad dressing by hastening decomposition of the egg ingredients, fermenting the sugars, etc. It is obviously impossible to treat these dry spices to remove bacteria, so that this trouble occurs from time to timey an d is perhaps one 15 or the most serious with which the manufacturer must contend.

I have discovered that all of these disadvantages maybe overcome, and the entire beneficial efl'ect of the spice colors and taste be retained, 20 by first extracting the spices with salad oil. I have found that all the color and taste imparting ingredients of spices are soluble in such oils, either at room. temperature or, at slightly higher temperatures. The resultant solution may be 25 i standardized as to strength,- to eliminate differences in spice shipments; the absence of solid particles eliminates the principal objections to spices in mayonnaise; andthe extract has the further advantage that the taste imparting prin- 30 ciples, being iii-solution, are immediately detectable, indistinction from. the efl'e'ct oi" the solid particles, which is slower.

Furthermore the filtration process necessary to remove the spice solids from the oil'extract also 35 removes the yeasts and other bacteria present, so that a sterile solution ordinarily results which obviously does not hasten spoilage. In the event that non-filterablefbacteria are present, it is possible to steriiiaethe extract by heating up to 212 F. or more, as disclosed below; this must be done in the absence 01' air it destruction of the spice colorand flavor is tovbe avoided. The same heat treatment on dry spices results in undesirable loss of flavor, tion and other undesirable reactions.

I have found that with some flavors, salad oil E ves a selective extraction, recovering the desirable flavors, and leaving the less desirable, so

' F., filtering between extractions.

that extraction produces a ,flavor superior to the whole spice.

I have also discovered that the color of the oil extracts of the more highly colored spices may be stabilized by heating under vacuum, so that the fading due to the exposure of the salad dressing to light may be overcome for all practical u poses. 4

The following examples are illustrative of my invention:

Example 1-White pepper extract One hundred grams of refined cottonseed salad oil were mixed well with 10 grams of ordinary powdered white pepper, and the mass allowed to stand for 24 hours. The extract was filtered from the solids on a Buchner filter. The cake had a very mild taste, while the oil was quite peppery.

A second extraction of the cake just like the first, gave a mild extract oil, and practically a tasteless cake. A third extraction removed the last trace of flavor from the cake. The last two 011 extracts were used for extracting fresh pepper, using the common counter-current method of insuring good extraction. One gram. of the extract is equivalent to about 0.1 gram of white pepper, and may be substituted therefor in mayonnaise and salad dressing formulas.

Example 2-Black pepper extract Black pepper is not used in mayonnaise because of its objectional color, its use resulting in a mayonnaise which looks fiyspecked. As white pepper is merely decorticated black pepper, it is rather more expensive; and a salad oilextract of black pepper was made up, following the exact procedure of Example 1, to compare results. A comparison of the extracts obtained from black pepper and white, under substantially identical conditions, indicated that the cheaper black pepper extract was practically identical with the white pepper extract.

Example 3-'-Thyme extract Thyme is a plant of the mint family, having a sage-like flavor, the ground up leaves and flower tips being used as an aromatic flavoring; it is an especially desirable "ingredient of highly-searsoned dressings. 'Ten grams of the powder was extracted in counter-current with successive 100 gram portions of corn salad oil, the first one at room temperature, followed by four others at 120 The first extract was a dark greenish yellow, with a sagelike smell and taste. The residual cake had a very bitter taste; and mayonnaise flavored with the extract was somewhat more palatable than mayonnaise flavored with the whole spice, in-

V dicating that the ofl had a selective action on the taste principles, extracting the more pleasant constituents first.

, Example 4Red pepper A counter-current extraction of red pepper was made, using 10 grams of red pepper, and gram portions of .sesame salad oil. One extrac removed all the pepper flavor from the cake, and

. left a'light tan powder.

Example 5 A large scale extraction of red pepper, using 50 pounds of pepper and successive 500 pound portions or sesame salad oil. gave results similar to the above. The residual cake was pressed in a containing 7.5% of oil was obtained. The cake was of such constitution that it could be mixed with stock feed.

Example 6 One thousand seven hundred pounds of ground Spanish paprika was extracted with 8,715 pounds of sesame salad oil by agitation at room temperature. Two hours contact time was suflicient for the extraction. The solid particles were separated by filtration through a plate and frame press. Eight thousand four hundred and forty-three pounds of clear extract with a red color and rich paprika flavor was obtained. The press was washed with 2,200 pounds of sesame oil and this oil saved for a subsequent extraction. One thousand nine hundred and seventy-two pounds of press cake was collected on the filter press. This filter press cake was pressed in a high pressure hydraulic press to further reduce the oil. content. The flnishedhydraulic cake made a good stock food, having the following analysis:

Per cent Moisture 7.5 Oil 7.5 Crude fiber 15.0 Crude protein 12.8 Ash 7.0 Nitrogen-free extract (carbohydrates) 50.2

Example 7-Vacuum treatment to stabilize the color and sterilize the spice with cold water coils and a vacuum. It was maintained under vacuum until cooled to room temperature and was then filtered through cloth. The finished extract was a deep orange red and carried a rich paprika odor and flavor.

Thefvacuum heat treated oil extract was compared with the raw extract, by blending 10% of each extract with a water-white sesame salad oil (Lovibond color 10y'1.2r). The raw extract oilmixture was a pink shade, while the treated mixture was a rich yellow. The two mixtures were placed in test tubes in a window, exposed to the afternoon sun through glass. Within a week, the untreated extract mixture had changed colonto Practically the same shade as the treated mixture, proving that the heat treatment had removed the easilyfaded colors, and insured color stability.

Samples of mayonnaise were made up, according to Formula #1 below, using untreated and treated extracts. The sample with the untreated extract had a disagreeable pinkish color, while the treated sample was clean and of a pleasing creamy color. 0n exposure to the sun in jars, through a window, the mayonnaise with the treated extract was still 0. K. as to color and appearance after threeweeks. The untreated mayonnaise was yellow on the side toward the window after a day, but still pink on the opposite side, giving a streaked appearance. After three weeks, it was uniformly creamcolored close to the glass, but the inside was still pink.

I believe that the vacuumheat treatment destroys the more readily faded colors, which are destroyed flrst by the suns rays. In the case of paprika, I believe that the capsanthin is broken down, while the xanthophylls and beta carotene remain to give the product the pleasing color.

The heat treatment to destroy the undesirable colors also acts to sterilize the extract, and is an additional safeguard against spoilage.

The heat treatment should be carefully regulated, in order to insure against destruction of flavor or desirable color. In no caseshould the heating take place in the open air, as this not only injures the flavor of the salad oil and promotes rancidity, but injures the spice flavors and colors, which become muddy.

.Instead ofusing vacuum, the paprika solution can be heated and cooled, in an atmosphere of an inert gas such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen. There is less loss of flavor by the distillation of the essential oils in the inert gases than under vacuum, and his desirable to treat many of the spice extracts in inert gases. The vacuum treatment is ideal for paprika since paprika is used for its rich, nutty flavor rather than the hot, pepper flavor, the mild grades of paprika being highiy prized. The loss of; some of the hot flavor in the vacuum process permits a low grade paprika to be converted into a more expensive mild grade.

Example 8Heat treatment in inert 06s The paprika solution of Example 6 made in the reflnery by extracting 1,700 pounds of ground paprika with 8,715 pounds of sesame salad oil, was used to get an exact comparison with the procedure of Example 7. A kilogram of the extract was heated in a flask in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. One hour was required to bring the temperature to 350 F. and the temperature maintained at 350? F. fortwenty minutes. The extract was cooled to room temperature in twenty minutes. A rich flavored extract remained with a slight sour taste due to dissolved CO1. This C: flavor decreases on standing and is not noticeable in the salad dressings at the concentratlons used. However, if the dissolved C02 To destroy the fadable colors in highly colored spices, it is necessary to heat the solutions at temperatures above the boiling point of water, unless the heating is continued for such an unreasonable length of time as to make the cost prohibitive. Even at temperatures as high as 280 F., a seven hour treatment is ineffective to remove all of the fading color from the extract of ,Example 6. I prefer to operate at 350 F. because this gives me the fastest treatment safely effective with ordinary equipment. Flash heating at higher temperatures might be used; but even-at 400 F., with tank heating, the non-fading color principles are aifected.

This treatment can be applied effectively to spices other than paprika, but spices such as red pepper are used in such small quantities that the treatment to stabilize color'is of little importance. However, it is advisable to treat all the spice extracts under vacuum or inert-gas, to

sterilize them in order to retard the tendency toward spoilage.

The salad oil extracts of spices, either as made without further treatment, or as treated in Example 7, can be used to great advantage to replace the dry spices, in various types of salad dressing, of which the following are typical:

get uniform distribution.

While I have shown but a few spices, the oil extraction process is available for all spices, with one exception. Mustard'does not yield its essen tial oil on oil extraction, as this is developed only by treatment with water to hydrolyze certain constituents of the mustard. This essential oil is available in a synthetic form, or it may be prepared from mustard itself. Other edible oils than those shown can likewise be used eflectively.

These oil extracts of spices can be used most effectively in prepared dressings, but the salad oil itself may be used to advantage for preparing mayonnaise and the like in the home, as a smoother dressing can be made in this manner.

Essential oils may, of course, be steam distilled from the spices or separated with volatile solvents. Not only are these methods more expensive than my process, but these essential oils very often lack the true flavor of the spice. The flavors of spices are very often due to a blend of essential oils, and in the separation of the essential oils, particularly by steam distillation,

the essential oils are separated, the natural blend altered and the delicate flavor lost. Further,

the pure essential oils tend to polymerize and oxidize with loss of flavor. The synthetic flavors are never equal to the natural spices. Further than this, the sometimes desirable coloring effect 'of the spices is lost.

' Further, vinegar is a good solvent for many of the other spice constituents (sugars, etc.) which are undesirable in the extract. and are insoluble in salad oil. Lastly, the low solubility of the spices,

For- For- For- Formula 1 male 2 mula 3 mula 4 Mild Modi- Spicy Whipped mayonum mayonsalad spicy uaise dressing Percent Percent Percent Percent Salad dl 79. 79. 238 78. 538 38.248 Water 30. 00

5.00 10.00 8. 90 B. 90 B. 90 (100 grain) 1. 2o 1. 20 l. 20 9. 50 alt 1. 50 l. 50 l. 50 1. 75 Essential oil of mustard 002 002 002 .002 Paprika extract of Example 7.. 0. 56 0. 66 0.56 0. 60 Y 1 Red pep extract of Example 4, star lead by heating to 212 F. in C00 0.2] Black pop extract 0! Examp102: iaedinnitrogonuu 0.90 0.90 Cereal 4. 0

and the small amount of vinegar needed in most dressings, prevents the incorporation of really substantial amounts of spice by this method.

By means of these new spice extracts, the manufacturer of salad dressing can prepare a smoother emulsion, a better-looking original product, less liable to spoilage, resistant to fading, more uniform in flavor, with a lower cost of spices, as the uniform distribution obtained makes possible the use of less flavoring. By using the heat treated extracts oi the spices, stabilized color and freedom from bacteria can be obtained: and

by incorporating thyme extract in place of dry thyme, the flavor is improved. Further, these extracts have the true spice flavors, as distinguished from prior art extracts.

I claim:

l. The method of making a light resistant fiavoring composition which comprises extracting a highly colored spice with an edible oil, separating the extract from the spice solids. and heating the exact under non-oxidizing conditions to destroy the easily light-fadable coloring constituents without destroying the more light-resistant coloring constituents. I

ents without destroying the more light resistant coloring constituents.

I 4. The method 01' making a light resistant flavoring composition which comprises extracting paprika with an edible oil, separating the extract from the spice solids, and heating the extract under non-oxidizing conditions to destroy the easily Iight-iadable coloring constituents without destroying the more light resistant coloring constituents.

DEAN C. INGRAHAM.

' CERTIFICATE or GORREC'I'ION- Patent No. 2,115,075.

' April 26, 1938- DEAN c. INGRAHAH,

It is hereby certified that'err'or appears in the printed specification I of the above numbered patent requiring correction as follows Page first column, line 22, claim 1-, for the word ,-"exactl' read extractf'and that the,

said Letters Patent should be re'adwiththis' correction therein-that the same may conform to the record of the case in thePatent Oifzlee.

Signed nnd-sealed-this zsthfaa of June, A. D. 1958;

(Seail- Henry-Van arsdale Acting Commissioner of Patents.)

and the small amount of vinegar needed in most dressings, prevents the incorporation of really substantial amounts of spice by this method.

By means of these new spice extracts, the manufacturer of salad dressing can prepare a smoother emulsion, a better-looking original product, less liable to spoilage, resistant to fading, more uniform in flavor, with a lower cost of spices, as the uniform distribution obtained makes possible the use of less flavoring. By using the heat treated extracts oi the spices, stabilized color and freedom from bacteria can be obtained: and

by incorporating thyme extract in place of dry thyme, the flavor is improved. Further, these extracts have the true spice flavors, as distinguished from prior art extracts.

I claim:

l. The method of making a light resistant fiavoring composition which comprises extracting a highly colored spice with an edible oil, separating the extract from the spice solids. and heating the exact under non-oxidizing conditions to destroy the easily light-fadable coloring constituents without destroying the more light-resistant coloring constituents. I

ents without destroying the more light resistant coloring constituents.

I 4. The method 01' making a light resistant flavoring composition which comprises extracting paprika with an edible oil, separating the extract from the spice solids, and heating the extract under non-oxidizing conditions to destroy the easily Iight-iadable coloring constituents without destroying the more light resistant coloring constituents.

DEAN C. INGRAHAM.

' CERTIFICATE or GORREC'I'ION- Patent No. 2,115,075.

' April 26, 1938- DEAN c. INGRAHAH,

It is hereby certified that'err'or appears in the printed specification I of the above numbered patent requiring correction as follows Page first column, line 22, claim 1-, for the word ,-"exactl' read extractf'and that the,

said Letters Patent should be re'adwiththis' correction therein-that the same may conform to the record of the case in thePatent Oifzlee.

Signed nnd-sealed-this zsthfaa of June, A. D. 1958;

(Seail- Henry-Van arsdale Acting Commissioner of Patents.) 

